The European sovereign debt issues have become a contagion. Foreign politicians will have to make difficult decisions when it comes to saving sovereign bond markets as well as large private European banks.
This past weekend, the Eurozone had an economic summit to discuss how to handle the sovereign debt issues with the PIIGS Nations [PIIGS = Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain]. These countries have been net importers since the euro was created in 2000. As members of the European Union (EU) they inherited credit ratings that should have been exclusive to Germany, France, and the Netherlands. The PIIGS nations were able to exploit the EU with unchecked borrowing and spending. All of these countries were able to live high off the hog while Germany, Netherlands, and France continued to produce and save.
The PIIGS nations can be viewed as the misfit children in the European system. Their mother and father, France and Germany, have been forced to continually bail them out in recent months. However, after throwing more cash in the trash, the parents are starting to realize that they need to cut their children off from the unlimited credit.
Portugal, Ireland, and Greece are the worst of the PIIGS nations. All three countries have received IMF bailouts and remain on life-support. Their debt to GDP ratio is through the roof because they have large burdensome governments. Since these countries aren’t big exporters, their expenditures vastly exceed their revenue. There is no question that these three countries would have defaulted by now if it wasn’t for Germany and France providing a cheap credit line to them in exchange for austerity measures. Austerity generally means getting back to the basics and stripping a lot of the government fat. Unfortunately, this means government workers losing their jobs and benefits—hence the Molotov cocktail parties. The good news is that this deleveraging** is needed to get their fiscal house in order. These economies are in trouble because they have become reliant on cheap credit, low-interest rates, and enormous government spending (cough USA cough). However there is a catch!
France and Germany cannot afford to allow any of these PIIGS nations to default. This is where it gets trickier than my previous analogy suggests. The hidden problem is that French and German banks have huge exposure to the PIIGS bond markets. Not only are they heavily invested in the bond market but also bond derivative markets. Many of these banks have leveraged insurance on the PIIGS nations’ bonds. To keep the analogy going: the parents have already started to pay for college ahead of time even though it appears none of the kids will be able to graduate high school.
There are several goals behind this weekend’s Euro-summit:
1-Find ways to restructure Greece’s debt
2-Recapitalizing private banks
3-Create a EU rescue fund to keep the Greece, Ireland, and Portugal problems from spreading to Italy and Spain (Europe’s third and fourth largest economies).
First, with respect to Greece, experts agreed that bond holders of Greek’s debt would need to take a 50-60 percent haircut (devaluation) in order to make Greece’s debt sustainable. Secondly, the leaders have already agreed that 100 billion euros would be needed to keep the French and Germany banks solvent in the face of PIIGS defaults. Lastly, the rescue fund has become the most controversial topic. German leaders are facing resistance from the general public on the issue of using Germany’s funds to save the Eurozone. For the rescue fund to work, many European economists are recommending between 1 trillion and 2 trillion euros. Germany only seems comfortable contributing around 400 billion euros. This would leave the fund inadequate and would involve kicking the can a few more months. It appears the solution that is gaining the greatest traction involves leveraging the 400 billion euros. If this doesn’t make sense then you are a logical person. Again we have the problems of financial innovation to solve an already over-leveraged system. The take-away message is that the system will live to see another day, either by increasing financial innovation or money printing. With these leverage-increasing measures, we are only increasing the likelihood of a larger calamity.